The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) has issued a list of major Pan-European facilities and services and subsequent updates thereto, which are unique to Europe due to their sheer size or cost involved in their establishment. The e-IRG has issued clear roadmaps describing present and future Pan-European e-infrastructures, that due to their scale require long term planning, and cross-border operations beyond a single administrative domain, but has a fairly short technological refreshment cycle of about three years.